古代粟名演变新考

"稷"是粟在商周时期的别称。"禾"本为粟的原始象形字,后引申作谷物总名,是战国秦汉时期粟的主要称呼,宋代以后南方地区也有专指稻的。"谷"最初被用作谷物的总名,魏晋以后则成为粟的普遍称呼。"粟"本义是指谷子的籽实,但战国秦汉时可泛指谷类作物籽实,魏晋以后则演化成谷子的专名,既可指植株也可指籽实,唐代以后还可以专指稻。不过这些粟的名称只是当时多数地区的主流称呼,实际上各个时期都存在不同名称交叉的现象。另外,"粢"最初是指祭祀时所用之粟,"粱"是粟的一个优良品种,"秫"是粟的一个品种即粘粟,而"穈"和"芑",则是指红粱粟和白粱粟。     

On the Differential Effects of European Patents

Since the invention of the European Patent System, national patent systems have continued to co-exist, although they did lose appeal. How have the different national systems been affected in view of their characteristics? In order to answer this question a constant-market-share (CMS) analysis is carried out. While on a theoretical level, the different elements adding to the appeal of each patent system are discussed, the CMS-analysis reveals the importance of country size in that the national systems of smaller countries lose.     

经济增长模型演化的知识图谱分析与共生理论：对日本的测算

首先运用知识图谱这种可视化工具,构建模型共被引网络,对经济增长模型的演化脉络进行分析;接着从博弈论的角度对经济增长模型的演化脉络进行模式分析,揭示出经济增长模型的包容式演化模式.最后根据共生理论,从经济增长中各行为主体收入分配的角度建立日本经济增长模型,对日本1955-2005年的经济增长因素进行分析,从而说明共生理论模型是经济增长模型的包容式演化的新进展,同时对中国经济发展方式转型提供了经验借鉴.     

全球化、柔性化、复合化、差异化:信息时代城市功能演变研究

结合信息技术对中国城市影响的实际,从信息技术影响下城市空间相互作用方式、空间结构的构成要素及其影响因素的变化出发,对信息时代国内城市功能特征进行研究变得尤为重要.全球化、柔性化、复合化、差异化已成为信息时代城市功能的主要特征；信息流和接入信息的能力变得尤为重要；每个城市都成为全球或区域城市网络的一个节点；部分服务的区位选择因此也表现出较大的弹性；城市居住空间分异仍然存在,影响因素越来越复杂.     

Destination development in China: towards an effective model of explanation

This paper addresses the dynamics of the evolution of a nature-based destination in China. Based on longitudinal studies in Zhangjiajie (Hunan Province), it focuses on the roles of institutions in tourism development in China, demonstrating the centrality of institutions and governments in fostering destination development through policy orientations, attracting investments and regulations in their capacity as producers, protectors and promoters of desired processes of change. It describes a five-stage development process from Exploration, through Starting and via Fluctuation and Acceleration to the current stage of Transition leading towards a Destination seeking Better Service Quality. The study, by incorporating institutions as a driving force, develops an RICI model (Resource, Institution, Capital and Innovation) accounting for destination development in China. The key role of policies implemented by local governments and the roles of institutions are critical in the process of its development, especially in the earlier stages, contrasting with many western countries, where the private sector and central government tend to dominate. The paper notes the role of inter-institution rivalries, and the impact of those rivalries on sustainable development. It is suggested that the proposed model could be empirically verified and tested in other cultural or regional destination development contexts.     

Learning to choose a commodity-money: Carl Menger's theory of imitation and the search monetary framework

This paper studies Carl Menger's theory of the emergence of a commodity money. We propose an interpretation of Menger's learning by imitation process based on the search theoretical formal framework. We show that there exists a tension between the importance of intrinsic properties of commodities and the pure conventional self-fulfilling expectations of agents. This confirms the role of imitation in the emergence of monetary equilibria in search theory. We conclude that Menger's approach may support the idea that the fundamental property of a commodity-money (namely its great liquidity) is the result of its emergence process and not necessarily of its original intrinsic properties.     

基于企业DNA理论研究企业并购机理

从仿生学的角度研究企业并购,利用企业DNA理论提供一种分析路径,同时以联想并购整合IBMPC业务部的案例为研究背景,阐述了企业间并购导致企业基因重组,并购这种发展方式对于企业就像生物体的有性繁殖方式,能够使企业基因双倍化,从而提高了企业进化速度,形成更适应市场环境的企业。     

Veblen's critique of Marx's philosophical preconceptions of political economy

This paper explores some of the theoretical linkages between Thorstein Veblen and Karl Marx. Special reference is placed Veblen's criticisms of Marx and the Marxist tradition for adhering to the preconceptions of (a) the natural right of labour to the full product, and (b) the teleology of conscious agents directing action towards change. Veblen was incorrect to believe that Marx adhered to the natural right of labour thesis, but he was correct to assert that Marx utilized undesirable teleologies. Overall, however, Veblen was attempting to reformulate and modernise the materialistic conception of history through an evolutionary analysis of institutions. The two thinkers complement each other in important ways, although Veblen's analysis is more evolutionary, collectivist and holistic.     

国家主导视野下的西藏现代工业的演进逻辑、轨迹与经验教训

西藏现代工业的演进动力有着内外因的双重作用,其中外因大于内因.从本质上来讲,西藏现代工业的演进是在国家主导下进行的,大体上可以分为四个阶段,即初步发展时期、加速发展时期、改革转轨时期以及深化发展时期.西藏现代工业半个多世纪的发展,留下了诸多经验教训,需要认真总结.     

The Evolution of R&D Laboratories in the Brazilian Polymer Industry

ABSTRACT

Ronstadt observed that R&D laboratories in foreign subidiaries of American multinationals follow an evolutionary pattern of development. First, these laboratories adapt foreign technology to the local conditions and local raw materials. Later, laboratories focus their activity in obtaining product quality. In the last stage, these R&D units generate new technology of a long-term or exploratory nature for the corporate parent. Based on this theoretical background, this paper studies the evolution of R&D investments in polymer firms in Brazil. The methodology used was a case study conducted in 5 firms from the polymer area, complemented with secondary sources.

RESUMEN. Según Ronstadt, los laboratorios de I&D de las subsidiarias extranjeras de las multinacionales norteamericanas, cumplen un programa de desarrollo evolucionario. En primer lugar, estos laboratorios adaptan las tecnologías extranjeras a las condiciones locales y las materias primas existentes. A continuación, los laboratorios orientan sus actividades en obtener un producto de alta calidad. En la última etapa, estas unidades de I&D generan nueva tecnología de características a largo plazo o naturaleza exploratoria para la corporación matriz. Usando como base estos antecedentes teóricos, este documento estudia la evolución de las inversiones realizadas por las empresas de polímeros en el campo de la I&D en el Brasil. La metodología utilizada fue un estudio de caso realizado en 5 empresas fabricantes de polímeros, complementado con otras fuentes secundarias.

RESUMO. Ronstadt observou que os laboratórios de R&D em subsidiárias estrangeiras de multinacionais americanas seguem um padrão evolutivo de desenvolvimento. Primeiro, estes laboratórios adaptam a tecnologia estrangeira às condiç[otilde]es e às matérias-primas locais. Posteriormente, os laboratórios focalizam a sua atividade na obtenção da qualidade do produto. E, finalmente, estas unidades de R&D geram uma nova tecnologia para a matriz de natureza exploratória ou de longo prazo. Baseado nesta experiência teórica, este trabalho investiga a evolução dos investimentos de R&D em empresas de polímeros no Brasil. A metodologia usada foi um estudo de caso conduzido em cinco empresas da área de polímeros, complementada por fontes secundárias.